SBC Communications buyout of AT&T runs counter to the federal anti-monopoly policy that broke up the Bell System in 1984. Regulators now think market forces should dictate telephone company ownership and control. Was then court forced divestiture really necessary? Could AT&T have been broken apart in a better way, gradually, according to competition, and not Judge Green's dictates? Most definitely yes.

The large mergers and acquisitions now allowed reduce a customer's conventional telephone carrier choices. But new technologies give us more total ways to carry telephone calls. Such as over the internet or on a cable T.V. system. The sad exception is wireless, with tacitly conspiring duopolies in many markets. Verizon or Cingular? Who cares? They charge the same. Let's get back to AT&T.

It's entirely possible the only thing needed to reduce the size of the Bell System were federal orders allowing immediate local and long distance competition. Instead we got 12 years of endless worry and wonder and wreckage, as the finest telephone system in the world was taken hapazardly apart. Might Western Electric still exist? Or a healthy Bell Labs? I don't know. But I do know a consistent policy on telco ownership, followed by succeeding administrations, is badly needed.

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More on Bahrain! Here are two pictures and their accompanying text from the long out of print Girdle Round The Earth, described in my notes for January 25th.

Click on the pictures to enlarge

"In the 1960s the main build-up by Cable and Wireless was taking place in the total-concession areas of the Middle and Far East. The company had introduced Telex to Bahrain in 1963 and it had spread to the rest of the Gulf; in 1966 it opened tropospheric scatter radio links between Bahrain, Doha (Qatar) and Dubai. (Above right) a telegraph operator at Bahrain; (above left) a radio-telephone ship-to-shore operator at Bahrain coastal station."

Girdle Round The Earth: The Story of Cable and Wireless, Hugh Barty-King, William Heinemann Ltd, London, 1979 p. 369.

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Ken Schmidt (internal link) reports,

"The wireless cell site or tower construction business is going crazy -- Sprint and Nextel are both pursuing search rings, areas to locate in -- sometimes right near each other. Verizon is active again and Cingular has started to appear once more. Have not heard anything on TMobile, but I assume that is a matter of time."

"This activity seems to be completing long laid plans that were on hold until mergers were finalized. Sprint and Nextel are proceeding full bore in disregard of their merger. I know of locations where they are close to each other and proceeding on their own. There will undoubtedly be some unhappy landowners with signed leases that will never commence if they do in fact merge."

More from Ken on the cell site or tower location process here. (internal link)

Ken's new site is http://www.celltowerinfo.com (external link)

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Former operator J.R. Snyder Jr. (internal link) attests to Bahrain's equipment and efficiency as described in my notes for January 25th:

"When I worked in the JAX IOC [Jacksonville International Operator Center] the only real way to get to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, etc. was through Bahrain. Our last resort was London, which we avoided like the plague. We dialed the Bahrain country code first on tandems and it would beep and then we entered the subsequent country code which usually resulted in a reorder (busy circuit). We had a top row of direct trunks to the Bahrain operator and they took great pride in their work and making sure your call got through one way or another."

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Ken Schmidt has put together a new web site with information on all things cell tower: http://celltowerinfo.com/ (external link) Lease info, cell tower maps, views on the wireless industry, links, and more. Well worth a visit, especially to cell site or cell tower lease holders.

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Q. What is the patent number for the original loading coil?

A. It is U.S. patent number 652,230 which you can view at the United States Patent Office: http://www.uspto.gov (external link) Physicist Michael Pupin's patent in 1900 caused almost as much controversy as Bell's telephone patents. As the crucial invention for extending long distance circuits it was an extremely valuable patent and hence contested by groups like AT&T which eventually bought the rights. It also served as an incentive for the Bell System to found Bell Labs. As Wasserman put it, AT&T had been "played to a virtual tie with a lone inventor working in an academic setting. . . This point was not ignored by management."

The definitive book on loading coil history and early long distance working is Neil Wasserman's book, From Invention to Innovation: Long Distance Telephone Transmission at The Turn of the Century. John Hopkins/AT&T Series in Telephone History. 1985.

Details from the patent. Click to enlarge

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In 1978 Bahrain was the first country to operate a commercial cellular system. (internal link) It was probably a simple, two cell affair. Why Bahrain and not, say, Saudi Arabia? In the 1970s the former British colony of Bahrain was the center of telecommunications in the Middle East. Cable and Wireless operated the latest local and toll switching equipment, a satellite ground station, and a training academy for Middle Eastern workers. In Girdle Round The Earth: The Story of Cable and Wireless, Hugh Barty-King says:

"Through any of the nine automatic exchanges of the Bahrain Telephones internal network run by Cable and Wireless, under the direction of Alec Sherman, anyone could dial in from outside Bahrain and be connected via the satellite station direct to London. Those who wrote only Arabic could confidently telegraph their business associates abroad in the knowledge that the Message Switching Computer in Bahrain would switch telegrams written in Arabic script."

Barty-King also writes:

"[C&W's] wide ranging telecommunication system has made Bahrain a commercial and financial centre second to none in an area where oil revenues had brought other states very much greater wealth. The telecommunications build-up which began in 1947 as seen, and had been accelerated in 1968 which was going to expire in July 1982, had given the island a new role. The pearl fishing industry on which the economy once depended was no more; the first oil well to be found in the Gulf was all but spent; cheap natural gas had given birth to cheap aluminium smelting; Saudi Arabian oil was refined and ships of all nations repaired. But none of these activities justified the frenzied hotel and office building on the reclaimed land at Manamah. It was the availability of instant, cheap telephone, Telex, high speed data, facsimile and television communication which had attracted the money-brokers, the off-shore banking units, the off-shore traders, the international airline operators and news agencies like Reuters with their Monitor Project, the shipping companies and stockbrokers were giving Bahrain its new prosperity."

Click to enlarge

"The Kingdom of Bahrain is an archipelago of low lying islands located in the Arabian Gulf of the eastern shore of Saudi Arabia." This graphic was from: http://www.miceonline.net/bahrain/intro.htm.

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The Times On Line reports that Google will offer voice over internet protocol or VOIP in England. If so it represents a major milestone in VOIP's history. This may be when we can say that VOIP has gone mainstream.

The Times on Line (external link) reports

Google gears up for a free-phone challenge to BT

By Elizabeth Judge, Telecoms Correspondent

"GOOGLE revolutionised the internet. Now it is hoping to do the same with our phones."

"The company behind the US-based internet search engine looks set to launch a free telephone service that links users via a broadband internet connection using a headset and home computer."

"The technology that will enable Google to move in on the market has been around for some time. Software by the London-based company, Skype, has been downloaded nearly 54 million times around the world but no large telecommunication firms have properly exploited it."

"BT, which connects seven out of ten British households, has developed its own internet-telephone service. However, the telephone giant, which has the most to lose if the new technology takes off, has been reluctant to promote it heavily . . ."

There's a nice article here (external link to SF Gate)

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/02/09/BUGMD4R8I81.DTL

on current experiences with voice over internet protocol or VOIP. Audio quality varies tremendously, between that of a shortwave radio transmission to a fairly good cell phone call. It's all about moving bits; as such I've written around VOIP's edges quite a bit, all of these are internal links: bits, packets and switching, TC/IP, and digital principles.

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I've been sick all weekend but I have been contemplating how better to explain the electromagnetic spectrum (external link) was I thought at first one could compare it to a rainbow, with the colors representing bands of frequencies. But that gets too confusing, since radio waves aren't visible, and thus without color. Why suggest something in the visible light band to represent something invisible? And then I thought of different laser light colors used in fiber optics. There are red lights and green and so on. When I investigated further, however, it turns out visible light component of a laser isn't really related to the frequencies it carries. Most often, in the case of fiber optic transmission, the infrared region is used. These are wavelengths longer than visible light, above that band, typically around 850, 1300 and 1550 nanometers. Hmm. I blame my confusion on my fever.

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Q. Why don't you write about telecom history after 1984? (internal link)

A. It's too big a subject for the time I have to write about it. After the Bell System breakup in 1984 companies and competition flourished, hundreds and then thousands of new suppliers entered the market. In 1985 the first American commercial cellular networks were started, recreating wireless as an industry. Pre-paid phone cards and alternative long distance companies enjoyed success, creating business where none existed before. I could cite a dozen more examples of telecoms' Competition era, which I date from 1984 to 1996. We're now nine years on to something else, which continues to quicken the pace and broaden the scope of everything communications. I call this era The Rise of IP Networking.

In 1996 the commercial internet began developing in earnest. It's based on what's known as the internet protocol or IP (internal link). For many reasons nearly all telecom companies are moving to IP and replacing their old circuit switched technology with packet switching (internal link). Once every company and individual uses IP, everyone and every network can provide or use a service on cable, telephone, broadband wireless, cellular radio (perhaps), power line, or satellite links. The transmission media may differ but the content carried may be the same or close to it.

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From Don Kimberlin: (internal link)

I finally got around to reading that 1952 file, Tom, and it was fun -- kinda like some hot chocolate and cookies. While the content was stuff I had learned being "on the inside," I can guess that in 1952 it was, as it was even decades later, a "great revelation" to outsiders.

http://www.ndu.edu/library/ic2/L52-107.pdf (external link, 3.8 megs!)

The vast majority of the public has never been invited to peer behind the Oz-like veil to the inside of the telephone plant, so when they are given a snatch of information, they are thoroughly impressed. I got tickled at all the pages of stats marked "Restricted," since they were simply stats from the FCC reports common carriers had to make every year. The maps of plant routes are simply a few that someone inside the company passed out to placate an influential inquisitor.

I was able to recall that in 1962 and into the 1970s, AT&T had only 5 high-capacity routes, some microwave and some cable, crossing the Rocky Mountains. In 1990, that's all they still had, although some of the routes now had fiber optic cable on them. And, now, going back to that 1951 document, we can see they only had 3 routes back then. Other than some points like that, AT&T is and was not about to bother itself with drawing tidy maps of where every telephone cable was in every city, nor where every radio circuit went. They had all this in documentary records of connectivity, but not those neat maps for the public.

Speaking of that, I must tell you about the really great security system they had for government secret private line circuits. They were, of course, inside the relatively secure offices of The Phone Company, but they were simply there, intermingled with all the other stuff from Muzak and radio broadcast loops to burglar alarm circuits and press wires, to foreign exchange phone lines and bank or brokerage data circuits, so when one went pawing through tens of thousands of record cards, one wouldn't even know what he was handling, unless he knew what he was looking for and what The Phone Company called it. So, if I, as an AT&T plant employee, made a deal with the Russians, which I could have done, I could have made photocopies of circuit cards (we all did that quiite a lot), taken them home and sold them, with interpretive info, so the Russians could have bombed Uncle's strategic telecoms heavily. But who would think of doing that?

http://www.ndu.edu/library/ic2/L52-107.pdf (external link, 3.8 megs!)

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Q. I'm having a terrible time dealing with Verizon's customer service. This is about *288. Any advice?

A. From J.R. Snyder Jr.:
The writer doesn't state which option he is pressing on *228. After keying the digits the user has two options: pressing 1 to reprogram the phone, or pressing 2 to update its roaming capabilities.

Option 1 usually programs the phone with a changed telephone number.

Option 2 updates the PRL. As Mark van der Hoek has said previously, *228 updates the mobile's PRL, the Preferred Roaming List. That's a list of what channels and what operators the phone can use, and affects your ability to roam. If the PRL isn't right, you can have problems. Telling a customer to do a *228 has become a shortcut way for customer service to get you off the line.

It would be fair to say that most Customer Service Reps are pretty clueless. These are the people who answer the phone on Verizon's 611 or 800 numbers. They are not Tier 1 anything, not Technical Support anyway. Their objective is to get you off the line so they can sell, sell, sell. . ." continues here ---> (internal link)

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When carriers convert their TDMA networks to CDMA they'll be tempted to reuse their cell site antennas to cut costs. Bad idea. Although we think of antennas as being technology independent they really aren't in cellular radio. And there's a different way to work with CDMA antennas. Mark van der Hoek (internal link) relates:

"I haven't worked on GSM systems myself. As to antennas, the main thing is to CONTROL YOUR PROPAGATION!!!! The GSM operators of the world are going to find out the hard way that they cannot use the same antennas for W-CDMA that they have used for GSM. You cannot frequency plan around bad sidelobes in CDMA! Be sure that you understand the different behavior of sidelobes when down tilting antennas -- few do! There is a widespread notion that down tilting an antenna causes the sidelobes to increase. This is false.

The sidelobes do NOT increase relative to where they were before. They SEEM to because the main lobe decreases, so the side lobes increase RELATIVE TO THE MAIN LOBE. But in truth, the energy at 90 degrees is NOT traveling any farther than it was.

Also, understand the difference, especially with sidelobes, in electrical vs. mechanical downtilt. And don't be afraid to combine electrical with mechanical tilt.

When mounting antennas on a rooftop, be careful to pay attention to the shadowing (and possible upward reflections) of the rooftop itself. I've seen a lot of antennas pointed into a roof, and engineers wondering why the site doesn't cover like it should!

Know your pattern, and know where you want to serve with a given sector or site, then choose an antenna that only goes where you want it! You can't adjust parameters enough to make up for poor design, especially in CDMA. Do a good design, and default parameters will work well enough. Do a poor design, and you're sunk.

More on antennas and patterns and some neat looking graphics from Mark here (internal link)

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Do you know what the difference is between a hacker and someone who tracks them down? You have to train an investigator to hack. But a hacker lives the life. The hacker doesn't go home at the end of each day to watch T.V. and drink a beer. No, a hacker drinks a beer and watches T.V. and hacks at the same time. While at home. Or at work. Or school. Wherever. Whenever. It's a lifestyle, not an occupation. Something loved, not learned. That's why the SS and the FBI are sometimes so clueless and often one step behind, despite their expensive computers, fantastic wiretapping tools, and huge budgets. You can't buy cleverness with a checkbook. Anyway, from the AP . . .

WASHINGTON (AP)--A hacker broke into a wireless carrier's network over at least seven months and read e-mails and personal computer files of hundreds of customers, including the U.S. Secret Service agent investigating the hacker, the government said Wednesday.

Nicolas Lee Jacobsen, 21, of Santa Ana, Calif., a computer engineer, has been charged with the break-in in U.S. District Court in Los Angeles. Court records said an online offer in March 2004, traced to Jacobsen, claimed hackers could look up the name, Social Security number, birth date and passwords for voice mails and e-mails for T-Mobile customers.

Cherry, the Secret Service spokesman, said the agency's own e-mail servers were not affected by the T-Mobile break-in. "The account was a personal account of a Secret Service agent that was for a time compromised," Cherry said.

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Scores of pages revised yesterday. mostly by pulling dead links as described in yesterday's notes. I've tried to leave the old URL, such as:

http://www.agcs.com/aboutv2/history/index.htm

By using the Internet Archive, their so called Wayback Machine, you might be able to find the old page, although probably without images. Worth trying if you are desperate to find an old file. As they describe the process:

"Browse through 30 billion web pages archived from 1996 to a few months ago. To start surfing the Wayback, type in the web address of a site or page where you would like to start, and press enter."

Click here http://www.archive.org/web/web.php or on the graphic below to go to their site:

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I've recommended Ericsson's On magazine for years. They're out with a new issue but they haven't put it on-line yet. Bookmark this URL for when they do: http://www.ericsson.com/about/publications/onmagazine/

Besides the great articles, you'll sometimes see pictures of impossibly cute and healthy Swedish women. Like photographer Frida Hedberg:

Speaking of women, an on-line test told me that I am most attracted to the type of woman pictured below. Duh! You think? Is the sky blue? Probably 100% of men would find such a woman attractive. The test also said I was more concerned about looks than 93% of men, that I was exceptionally choosy. Well, okay. Guilty.

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Q. I am a Verizon customer and am having problems with my cell phone. Customer service says to dial *228 to reprogram it. That doesn't help. Just what is *228?

A. From Mark van der Hoek

"*228 updates the mobile's PRL, the Preferred Roaming List. That's a list of what channels and what operators the phone can use, and affects your ability to roam. If the PRL isn't right, you can have problems. Unfortunately, updating the PRL has become the 'One Size Fits All' solution for customer service reps who really don't know anything technical. They've had just enough training to think they do, so you won't get anywhere arguing with them. Telling you to do a *228 gets you off their back, so their call times look good to their boss. You must go past the tier one people to get anyone with any real knowledge, and even then they usually know a lot less than they think they do."

Have a problem with a specific make and model of cell phone? Check out http://www.howardforums.com (external link) to search for more information.

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The following quotation is from The Meaning of Everything: The Story of The Oxford English Dictionary, by Simon Winchester. It's an excellent read. James Murray was the OED's most important editor and its chief architect. I can't yet confirm this story but most details seem consistent with Bell biographies. One note, Bell's original telephone consisted of two separate parts or pieces, the transmitter and the receiver. The story suggests a single instrument:

"Murray's already-mentioned childhood friendship with Alexander Graham Bell -- Bell had been best man at Murray's wedding to Ada -- continued to flourish when Murray lived in Oxford, with the consequence that after Bell had invented the first working telephone he presented it to Murray in gratitude for teaching about acoustics and electricity back in their younger Edinburgh days. Murray found the wood-and-bakelite arrangement somewhat uninspiring, and consigned it to the attic."

"In the 1980s the present occupant of 78 Banbury Road found himself at the AT&T museum in New Jersey, where the curator was bemoaning the fact that Telephone Number One had never been found. A search of the Oxford attic turned up nothing; but the elderly gentleman who had bought the house from Murray's widow was found, and reported that during the Second World War soldiers had been billeted at the house and, during one exceptionally frigid winter, had used all available bits of rubbish they could find in the attic as firewood."

"If this story is to be believed, the world's first telephone appears to have gone up in smoke, to keep a party of ice-cold infantrymen from freezing."

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Heavy rain in the northern part of the great central valley of California. Good news for us gold prospectors. Sustained rain shifts gravel in river bars around, often exposing new pockets of gold to be dredged in late spring. How are the rain forecasts in your area? I wonder. How far would telephony and radio have advanced if these fields were no more certain than weather predictions?

The ride to Rio Vista with the cat was indeed beautiful but Montel's performance was not. Poor guy, he threw up in his cat carrier and had a nasty bowel movement on the ride over. His digestive tract problems continue at home, I follow him now with old towels and rags, cleaning up as I go. I am fortunate to have a carpet steamer, I'll have to use it today. Arrgh . . .

Ken Schmidt of SteelintheAir.com (internal link) has started writing a blog, current comments on the tower lease trade. Click here to go there (external link)

It's Friday. Time to print something out to read during the weekend. Try this, Telnor's magazine, Telektronikk, their 100th anniversary issue entitled Perspectives in Telecommunications (external link.) Great reading. Arcane and essential information from Norway. More exotic than reindeer goulash. GSM, HF radio, and Inmarsat history. A social impact of the telephone piece. Hmm. I suggest you start reading this at work. What's more important?

I set my advertising rate (internal link) and put in a PayPal method for people to donate to privateline.com. Thanks in advance.

Was the first telephone that Bell and Watson made thrown into a fire? What happened to Telephone Number One? I'll have the details tommorow. . .

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"IMTS is alive and well in 2004. Whidbey Telephone still runs a VHF system in Washington State, and IMTS is available on both UHF and VHF in Bend, Oregon. Most of the remaining IMTS systems in the U.S. serve rural areas where cellular is not available. In some cases its used as a rural fixed service where people can use IMTS for their home telephone."

Rich Williamson W7KI

http://www.northwestradio.com (external link)

The status of IMTS has always puzzled me. I wrote to Rich and Geoff Fors to ask if the FCC database could give me a printout of operating IMTS systems. Geoff replied, "The FCC database isn't going to be too accurate because a lot of the licensees are holding onto the channels but not actually using them for IMTS."

He continues, "I am surprised Whidbey Telephone Company (WTC) is still using IMTS since there is no support whatever from any manufacturer. I am also under the impression that Whidbey has cell phone coverage anyway. Very often the telephone companies themselves were the largest users of their IMTS systems after cellular became widespread. I can tell you for sure that the low band Bell MTS manual service is gone, in that the FCC auctioned the channels off some months ago (at least in the Western USA.)"

"The Pacific Northwest always had a high concentration of IMTS car telephone systems compared to the rest of the country, and Canada always had a lot. I don't know what is going on in Canada today with VHF IMTS but they had (have?) a somewhat advanced IMTS system that had a receiver signal strength comparator to automatically force the radio to change channels as you drove from one area to the next."

"I have been trying to buy one of the smaller IMTS switches on ebay to create an experimental system, but a friend in New Jersey always beats me to them. At some point I hope to have Henry Kissinger or Jesse Jackson negotiate a truce between us so that I might be able to win one of these terminals."

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Finished cleaning up the Daily Notes files. I'm now going to add to Ken Schmidt's files which discuss tower or cell site leases. (internal link) I'm also still trying to decide on advertising rates. Much to do.

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Miserable progress revising the Daily Notes files as I described in my comments for January 2d. See below. But I must remain positive, even in the face of negative work. Sigh. Speaking of being positive, Geoff Fors (internal link) was kind enough to share his conclusions with me about selling on e-bay. This should help many of you:

Selling on e-bay

Hello Tom:

Here are my thoughts about selling on eBay, which I have been doingsince 1999:

You need a PayPal Premier account (external link), the one tied to your checking account. Get a "sacrificial" checking account first which doesn't have much money in it, such as the Washington Mutual free checking account, and use that one to interface with PayPal. That way you won't have to worry about some hacker cleaning out your real checking account, although that's very unlikely anyway.

Accepting money

Taking money from foreign accounts may get you top dollar or get you ripped off. You have two choices:

1. Set your PayPal account preferences to reject payments from foreign accounts, that is, 'accept USA PayPal only.' And set PayPal account preferences, too, to reject payments from people with unconfirmed addresses.

OR

2. Set up an account at BidPay to take money from foreign bidders. This is a Western Union auction payments site, http://www.bidpay.com (external link) Customers pay you through BidPay using their credit cards. No cost to you and BidPay mails you a money order. Otherwise, foreign bidders can pay by postal money order in US Dollars or cash by registered mail.

In either case, foreign or domestic, do not accept personal checks at all. A United States Postal Service money order works best for customers who deal in cash. Require a two week holding period on Circle K, 7-11, grocery store and other unorthodox money orders. This will discourage people from choosing a check or strange money order over a United States Postal Service money order. I have never heard of a forged or fraudulent postal money order, but if you wanted to be sure you could cash it at the post office before you ship the goods.

Shipping

Foreign shipments can be by US Post Office, air mail only. Don't use surface mail, it will take utterly forever and your buyer will be fussing about where his stuff is, if it shows up at all. Put in the auction listing that foreign sales will have no tracking available, and usually no insurance, and that the buyer bears risk of loss if they choose to bid. Also put that you will not falsify customs declarations. It's simpler to put "no foreign sales," but if you want top price for something, you often need to check the "ships worldwide" option at e-bay. FYI, the majority of my deadbeat bidders have been foreign, in fact all but one.

The best method to ship, for me anyway, is FedEx Ground (external link). They gave me an account and a roll of bar code labels and I just drop the boxes off with atally sheet and walk out. They bill me weekly, which helps for income tax recordkeeping. They are cheaper than UPS and far cheaper than the Post Office and tracking is provided automatically. The post office has no tracking, just a delivery confirmation service, but you should always pay the delivery confirmation fee if using US Mail to prove the buyer got his stuff. I give three fixed rate shipping costs in the listing so that buyers know exactly what shipping in the USA will cost. There is also an ebay zip-code shipping calculator that you can set to match your own parameters, but curiously, it doesn't offer FedEx Ground as a choice.

Picture hosting

Don't use eBay's lousy picture hosting. Use the URL of the photos stored on your own server.

That's about what comes to mind at the moment. Hope that this advice is helpful.

Geoff

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Happy New Year! I hope 2004 was good to you. Telecom should grow moderately this year as it did last year, but chiefly through cutting costs. This means fewer employees, less companies through mergers, and reduced customer service. Not everything is pessimistic; new services will come along, slowly, but they will arrive. I'm looking forward to how WiFi and hot spot technology, local area networks, will merge with the larger cellular radio networks. Of course, I'm interested because I am a nerd. Best wishes for the year, Tom

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